5 Short-Vowel Sounds

18 Consonant Sounds

7 Digraphs

short /ă/ in apple

short /ĕ/ in elephant

short /ĭ/ in igloo

short /ŏ/ in octopus

short /ǔ/ in umbrella

/b/ in bat

/k/ in cat and kite

/d/ in dog

/f/ in fan

/g/ in goat

/h/ in hat

/j/ in jam

/l/ in lip

/m/ in map

/n/ in nest

/p/ in pig

/r/ in rat

/s/ in sun

/t/ in top

/v/ in van

/w/ in wig

/y/ in yell

/z/ in zip

/ch/ in chin

/sh/ in ship

unvoiced /th/ in thin

voiced /th/ in this

/hw/ in whip *

/ng/ in sing

/nk/ in sink

* (wh is pronounced /w/ in some areas)

6 Long-Vowel Sounds

3 r-Controlled Vowel Sounds

Diphthongs and Other Special Sounds

long /ā/ in cake

long /ē/ in feet

long /ī/ in pie

long /ō/ in boat

long /ū/ (yoo) in mule

long /ōō/ in flew

/ur/ in fern, bird, and hurt

/ar/ in park

/or/ in fork

/oi/ in oil and boy

/ow/ in owl and ouch

short /ŏŏ/ in cook and pull

/aw/ in jaw and haul

/zh/ in television